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Transfection technology refers to the process of introducing foreign nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides into cells to study gene function, protein expression, or cellular behavior. This technique is widely used in genetic engineering, molecular biology, and pharmaceutical research.

There are two main types of transfection: transient and stable. In transient transfection, the introduced genetic material does not integrate into the host genome and is expressed temporarily. In stable transfection, the introduced genes become a permanent part of the host cell’s DNA, leading to long-term expression.

Common transfection methods include chemical transfection (using reagents like liposomes or polymers), electroporation (applying an electric field to open cell membranes), and viral transduction (using modified viruses to deliver genes). Transfection plays a crucial role in developing vaccines, gene therapies, and cell-based assays, enabling researchers to manipulate cellular pathways and identify potential therapeutic targets.

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